pimples / acne

Pimples are an inflammatory form of acne that is characterised
by excess sebum (oil) production, blocked pores, inflammation
of surrounding tissue and bacterial activity. 
 
Pore blockage occurs when excess cells inside the follicle are
unable to shed properly. These cells then remain in the follicle,
mixing with sebum and filling up the pore. This mix of debris,
and skin bacteria can irritate the follicular lining causing
redness and inflammation. The inflamed follicle expands to
accommodate the material trapped within it, becoming a raised
red “bump.” This results in one of two kinds of pimple - red
bumps without pus (papules) and those containing pus (pustules). 
 
Treating breakouts involves 3 steps:
1. Unclogging pores
2. Controlling oil flow
3. Treating acne bacteria (Propionibacterium acnes)
4. Calming irritation
 
The most effective topical ingredients for unclogging pores are alpha and beta hydroxy acids and retinaldehyde. These help
normalise the exfoliation process inside pores, helping to prevent blockage of the follicle that can cause blackheads and
pimples. 
 
Topical application of Vitamin B3 (niacinamide) helps to reduce excess oil flow. Vitamin B3 also calms skin, accelerating healing time. 
 
The acne causing bacteria, (Propionibacterium Acnes) can be effectively controlled with a topical drug called benzoyl peroxide. It can be used up to twice daily in areas prone to breakout to prevent breakouts from occurring. 
 
Zinc oxide-based preparations can be used as a calming concealer to reducing irritation and accelerate healing time.