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Topical Niacinamide
Br J Dermatol. 2002 Jul;147(1):20-31.
The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer.
Hakozaki T, Minwalla L, Zhuang J, Chhoa M, Matsubara A, Miyamoto K, Greatens A, Hillebrand GG, Bissett DL, Boissy RE.
Research & Development Department, Procter & Gamble Far East, Inc., Kobe Technical Center 7F, Naka 1-17, Koyo-cho, Higashinada-ku, Japan.
hakozaki.t.1@pg.com
BACKGROUND: Cutaneous hyperpigmentation occurs in multiple conditions. In addition, many Asian women desire a lighter skin colour. Thus, there is a need for the development of skin lightening agents. Niacinamide is a possible candidate.
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of niacinamide on melanogenesis in vitro and on facial hyperpigmentation and skin colour in vivo in Japanese women.
METHODS: Melanin production was measured in a purified mushroom tyrosinase assay, cultured melanocytes, a keratinocyte/melanocyte coculture model, and a pigmented reconstructed epidermis (PREP) model. The clinical trials included 18 subjects with hyperpigmentation who used 5% niacinamide moisturizer and vehicle moisturizer in a paired design, and 120 subjects with facial tanning who were assigned to two of three treatments: vehicle, sunscreen and 2% niacinamide + sunscreen. Changes in facial hyperpigmentation and skin colour were objectively quantified by computer analysis and visual grading of high-resolution digital images of the face.
RESULTS: Niacinamide had no effect on the catalytic activity of mushroom tyrosinase or on melanogenesis in cultured melanocytes. However, niacinamide gave 35-68% inhibition of melanosome transfer in the coculture model and reduced cutaneous pigmentation in the PREP model. In the clinical studies, niacinamide significantly decreased hyperpigmentation and increased skin lightness compared with vehicle alone after 4 weeks of use.
CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest niacinamide is an effective skin lightening compound that works by inhibiting melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes.
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Clin Exp Dermatol. 2005 Nov;30(6):632-5
Topical application of 1-methylnicotinamide in the treatment of rosacea: a pilot study.
Wozniacka A, Wieczorkowska M, Gebicki J, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A.
Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
wozniacka@bmp.net.pl
Rosacea is a chronic facial dermatosis with a progressive course, which is characterized by the presence of erythema, papules, pustules, telangiectasias and sebaceous gland hyperplasia. However, the aetiology is still unknown; genetic predisposition, gastrointestinal disorders (Helicobacter pylori), infestations with Demodex folliculorum and environmental stimuli are considered to be involved in the inflammatory process. A metabolite of nicotinamide, 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA(+)), has anti-inflammatory properties, and this is the first study to test the effectiveness of this agent in treating rosacea. In total, 34 patients with rosacea were treated with a gel containing 0.25% MNA(+) as a chloride salt, twice daily for 4 weeks, after which improvement was observed in 26/34 cases. The improvement was good in 9/34 and moderate in 17/34, but no clinical effect was noted in seven subjects. In only one case was skin irritation given as the reason for treatment withdrawal. These results indicate that MNA(+) might be a useful agent for treating rosacea.
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Topical nicotinamide protects against ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression – a dose response study
E Yiasemides, GM Halliday & DL Damian
Division of Medicine (Dermatology), The Melanoma and Skin Cancer Research Institute, The University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Effect of Topical Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) on Ultraviolet Radiation induced Suppression of Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Responses to a Recall Antigen in Humans
CRS Patterson, GM Halliday, RStC Barnetson and DL Damian.
Dermatology, Melanoma and Skin Cancer Research Institute, Sydney Cancer Centre, University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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J Cosmet Dermatol. 2004 Apr;3(2):88-93.
Nicotinic acid/niacinamide and the skin.
Gehring W.
Hautklinik am Klinikum der Stadt Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Nicotinic acid (also generally known as niacin) and niacinamide (also known as nicotinamide) are similarly effective as a vitamin because they can be converted into each other within the organism. The blanket term vitamin B(3) is used for both. Niacinamide is a component of important coenzymes involved in hydrogen transfer. Here, the two codehydrogenases, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are of central importance. Topical application of niacinamide has a stabilizing effect on epidermal barrier function, seen as a reduction in transepidermal water loss and an improvement in the moisture content of the horny layer. Niacinamide leads to an increase in protein synthesis (e.g. keratin), has a stimulating effect on ceramide synthesis, speeds up the differentiation of keratinocytes, and raises intracellular NADP levels. In ageing skin, topical application of niacinamide improves the surface structure, smoothes out wrinkles and inhibits photocarcinogenesis. It is possible to demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects in acne, rosacea and nitrogen mustard-induced irritation. Because of its verifiable beneficial effects, niacinamide would be a suitable component in cosmetic products for use in disorders of epidermal barrier function, for ageing skin, for improving pigmentary disorders and for use on skin prone to acne.
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Nutr Cancer. 1997;29(2):157-62.
Prevention of photoimmunosuppression and photocarcinogenesis by topical nicotinamide.
Gensler HL.
Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arizona Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA.
Ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation leads to a potent immunosuppression of the capacity to reject syngeneic, antigenic tumors. If this immunosuppression is critical for the development of most skin tumors, then its prevention should result in prevention of photocarcinogenesis. We previously showed a correlation between the inhibition of photoimmunosuppression and prevention of photocarcinogenesis by dl-alpha-tocopherol, tannic acid, or alpha-difluoromethylornithine. The current study was designed to determine whether topical nicotinamide, the active form of vitamin B-3, or niacin, prevents immunosuppression and skin cancer in UV-irradiated mice. In a passive transfer assay for immunosuppression, splenocytes from UV-irradiated mice enhanced the growth of antigenic tumor challenges in recipient mice. Treatment of the UV-irradiated mice with 40 mumol of nicotinamide twice weekly starting two weeks before UV irradiation and throughout the experiment prevented this immunosuppression. UVB irradiation consisted of five weekly 30-minute exposures to banks of six FS40 Westinghouse fluorescent sunlamps. Mice received approximately 6.2 x 10(5) J/m2 in the passive transfer assays and 1.09 x 10(6) J/m2 in the photocarcinogenesis studies. Application of nicotinamide to UV-irradiated mice reduced skin tumor incidence from 75% to 42.5% (p = 0.016, Cox proportional hazards analysis). Thus topical nicotinamide prevented the immunosuppression and skin tumor induction by UVB irradiation.
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